Determination of Focal Length of Concave Mirror and Convex Lens

Determination of Focal Length of Concave Mirror and Convex Lens

Before getting started with the experiment, it is important to understand a few terms that are used in a concave mirror and convex lens:

Centre of curvature: For a curved mirror, the centre of curvature, C can be defined as the centre of a hollow glass sphere of which a curved mirror is a part.

Radius of curvature: For a curved mirror, the radius of curvature, R can be defined as the radius of the hollow glass sphere of a spherical mirror is part.

Principal axis: Principal axis is defined as the imaginary line passing through the pole and centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.

Principal focus: Principal focus is defined as a point at which the reflected rays meet or appear to meet for the spherical mirror. 

For a concave mirror, the principal focus is in the front and 

For a convex mirror, the principal focus is at the behind.

Below is an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave mirror and

Aim

To determine the focal length of:

(a) Concave mirror (b) Convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object.

Theory

How to Find Focal Length of Concave Mirror?

Following are the ways to obtain the focal length of the concave mirror:

* A concave mirror is defined as the spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards and follows laws of reflection of light.

* The light rays coming from a distant object can be considered to be parallel to each other.

* If the image formed is real, inverted and very small in size, then the parallel rays of light meet the point in the front of the mirror.

* The image formed by the convex lens is real and can be obtained on the screen.

* f  is used to denote the difference between the principal axis P and the focus F of the concave mirror.

How to Find the Focal Length of Convex Lens?

Following are the ways to obtain the focal length of convex lens:

* The convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges and is also known as the converging lens.

* The refracted rays from the parallel beam of light converge on the other side of the convex lens.

* If the image is obtained at the focus of the lens, the image would be real, inverted and very small.

* f  is the focal length which is the difference between the optical centre of the lens and the principal focus.

* The image can be obtained on the screen as the image formed by the lens is real.

To Determine Focal Length of a Given Concave Mirror

Materials Required

(1) A concave mirror

(2) A measuring scale

(3) A screen holder

(4) A mirror holder

(5) A mirror stand

Experimental Setup

Procedure

(1) The distance between the selected distinct object should be more than 50 ft.

(2) The concave mirror placed on the mirror stand and the distant object should be facing each other.

(3) The screen should be placed in front of the reflecting surface of the mirror. To obtain a clear, sharp image the screen should be adjusted.

(4) Using a metre scale the distance between the concave mirror and screen can be determined. The distance is the same as the focal length of the given concave mirror.

(5) Repeat the above procedure thrice to calculate the average focal length.

Observation Table

Calculation

Following is the mean value of the focal length of concave mirror:

(f + f + f) / 3

Result

10 cm is the focal length of the concave mirror.

Precautions

(1) To get a well illuminated and distinct image of the distinct object, the distant object should be well illuminated.

(2) A concave mirror should be always placed near an open window.

(3) The polished surface of the concave mirror and the distinct object should be facing each other.

(4) There should not be any hurdle between the rays of light from the object and the concave mirror.

(5) The screen and the concave mirror stand should be parallel to the measuring scale.

(6) The mirror holder along with the mirror should be perpendicular to the measuring scale.

To determine focal length of a convex lens

Materials Required

(1) A wooden bench

(2) A convex lens

(3) A lens holder

(4) A screen fixed to a stand

(5) A measuring scale

Experimental Setup

Procedure

(1) Without disturbing the lens and screen, arrange both of them on the wooden bench.

(2) Place the lens on the holder facing a distant object.

(3) Place the holder with the screen on the bench.

(4) The position of the screen should be such that the sharp image of the distant object is obtained on it.

(5) The difference between the position of the lens and the screen is equal to the focal length of the given convex lens.

(6) Now shift the focus to towards various other distant object and calculate the focal length of the convex lens.

Observation Table

Calculation

Following is the mean value of the focal length of convex lens:

(f+f+f)/3

Result

10 cm is the focal length of the convex lens.

Precautions

(1) The placing of the convex lens should be vertical.

(2) There should not be any hurdle between the rays of light from the object and the convex lens.

(3) To get a well illuminated and distinct image of the distinct object, the distant object should be well illuminated.

(4) The convex lens stand and the screen should be parallel to the measuring scale.

Viva Questions

Q1. Differentiate between convex lens and concave lens.

Ans: Following is the table explaining the difference between the convex lens and the concave lens:.

Convex lens Concave lens

(1) The focal length is positive The focal length is negative.

(2) Image obtained can be either real or virtual Image obtained is always virtual.

(3) The light rays are converged towards the principal axis The light rays diverge away from the principal axis

Q2. Name two types of spherical mirrors.

Ans: Following are the two types of spherical mirror:

(1) Concave mirror

(2) Convex mirror

Q3. What is the relationship between focal length T and the radius of curvature R of a concave mirror?

Ans: Following is the relationship between focal length and the radius of curvature: [ R = 2f ]

Q4. What is the mirror formula?

Ans: Following is the mirror formula:

Q5. What is law of reflection for a mirror?

Ans: Following is the law of reflection for a mirror:

Law of Reflection

(1) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.

(2) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

* Difference between the Convex Lens and the Concave Lens.

                    𝑨𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒌 𝑺𝒂𝒉𝒏𝒊

Tracing Path of a Ray of Light Passing Through a Glass Slab

Tracing Path of a Ray of Light Passing Through a Glass Slab

Refraction is the property of light due to which it bends its path while travelling from one medium to another. The law of refraction is also known as Snell’s law which states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to constant. Below is an experiment to trace the path of a light ray passing through the rectangular glass slab.

Table of Contents:

Aim

Theory

Materials Required

Procedure7

Ruay Diagram

Observation Table

Conclusion

Precautions

Sources of Error

Viva Questions

Aim

To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, and angle of emergence, and interpret the result.

Theory

What are the laws of refraction?

Following are the laws of refraction:

(I) The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence, and the refracted ray lie in the same plane.

(ii) Snell’s law states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant.

The refraction of light is a property of light due to which it changes its path when it passes from one medium to the other.

What is lateral displacement?

Lateral displacement is defined as the perpendicular shift in the path of light when it emerges out from the refracting medium.

Materials Required

(1) A drawing board

(2) 4-6 all pins

(3) White sheet of paper

(4) Rectangular glass slab

(5) A protractor

(6) A scale

(7) A pencil

(8) Thumb pins

Procedure

(1) Fix a white sheet on the soft drawing board using thumb pins.

(2) Place the glass slab at the centre of the white paper and draw its outline boundary using a sharp pencil.

(3) Let ABCD be the rectangular figure obtained by drawing.

(4) Mark a point E on AB and draw a perpendicular EN and label it as a normal ray.

(5) Draw one angle of 30° with the help of protractor with EN. Fix pins at P and Q at 4-5 cm on the ray that is obtained by the angle.

(6) Place the glass slab on the rectangular figure ABCD..

(7) To fix R and S, see through the glass slab from side CD, such that when seen through the glass slab, all the pins P, Q, R, and S should lie in a straight line.

(8) Draw small circles around the pins P, Q, R and S and remove the pins.

(9) Remove the glass slab.

(10) Join points R and S such that it meets CD at point F. Draw a perpendicular N’M’ to CD at point F.

(11) Using pencil, join the points E and F.

(12) Measure the angles formed at AB and CD, i.e, the incident angle, refracted angle, and emergent angle.

(13) The lateral displacement is obtained by extending the ray PQ in a dotted line which is parallel to ray FRS.

(14) Measure the lateral displacement.

(15) Repeat the same procedure for angles 45° and 60°

Ray Diagram 

Due to human error the value of

∠i – ∠e may not be equal to zero.

Observation Table 

Conclusion

(1) The angle of incidence and the angle of emergence are almost equal.

(2) As the light is traveling from rarer to denser optical medium, the angle of refraction will be lesser than the angle of incidence.

(3) For different angles of incidence, the lateral displacement will remain the same.

(5) The light will bend towards the normal when it travels from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium.

Precautions

(1) The rectangular glass slab used should have perfectly smooth faces.

(2) The drawing board should be soft so that pins can be easily fixed on it.

(3) The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°.

(4) All pins base should be in a straight line.

(5) The distance between the pins P and Q or the pins R and S, about 5 cm gap should be maintained.

(6) Using a sharp pencil, draw thin lines.

(7) The quality of the protractor should be good.

(8) The placement of the protractor should be correct to get correct measurements.

(9) The perpendiculars should be drawn with care.

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Sources of Error

There shouldn’t be any air bubbles in the glass slab.

संभावित प्रशन पूछे जाने योग्य 

Viva Questions

Q1. How is the angle of incidence related to the angle of emergence?

Ans: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence or may differ by very small amount due to human error.

Q2. What should be the angle of incidence for the above experiment?

Ans: The angle of incidence required for the above experiment is between 30° to 60°.

Q3. On which condition does the light not deviate during the refraction of light?

Ans: When the light ray is perpendicular to the refracting surface, there is no deviation in the light ray.

Q4. Which property of light causes the rainbow formation?

Ans: The refraction of light causes the rainbow formation due to tiny water droplets in the atmosphere.

Q5. On which condition will the emergent and incident rays be parallel?

Ans: When the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of the emergent ray, the emergence and incident ray will be parallel

Experiment to Verify Ohm's Law)

Experiment to Verify Ohm's Law)

     CHAPTER - 12  'ELECTRICITY'

  (Experiment to Verify Ohm's Law)

 ************************************

Dependence of Potential Difference Across a Resistor on the Current  Passing through it and determine its resistance. 

Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V and I

Potential difference is defined as the work done to move a unit charge from one point to the other. The SI unit of potential difference is volt. Electromotive force is defined as the electric potential produced by either an electrochemical cell or by changing the magnetic field. Below is an experiment to study the dependence of the potential difference across a resistor with current-carrying I.

Table of Contents:

* Aim

* Theory

* Materials Required

* Circuit Diagram

* Procedure

* Observation Table

* Graph

* Conclusion

* Precautions

* Viva Questions

Aim

To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also, plot a graph between V and I.

Theory

What is Ohm’s law?

The potential difference V across the metallic wire is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided its temperature is constant. This is known as Ohm’s law.

    V ∝ I.

∴ V = IR, where R is the resistance, which is constant for a given metallic wire.

What are the factors affecting resistance?

Following are the factors affecting resistance:

1. The nature of the resistor.

With an increase in length, the resistance also increases. So resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length.

2. With an increase in the cross-sectional area, the resistance decreases. So resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the wire.

Materials Required

Following is the list of materials required for this experiment:

* A battery

* An insulated copper wire

* A key

* An ammeter

* A voltmeter

* A rheostat

* A resistor

* A piece of sandpaper

Circuit Diagram

Symbols Used in a Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1. Arrange the devices as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the devices with the connecting wires keeping the key open.

3. The positive terminal of the battery should be connected to the positive terminal of the ammeter.

4. Before connecting the voltmeter in the circuit, check for +ve and -ve terminals.

5. Check for ammeter and voltmeter reading once the circuit is connected and also adjust the slider of rheostat after inserting the key.

6. For current I and voltmeter V, record three different readings using a slider.

7. Record the observations in the observation table.

8. Using the formula R=V/I, calculate the resistance.

9. To plot the graph between V and I, take V on the x-axis and I on the y-axis.

10. For pure metals, resistance increases with an increase in temperature.

Observation Table (1)

GRAPH

Observation Table (2)

Observation Table (3)

i) Least count of ammeter and voltmeter.

ii) For the reading of ammeter and voltmeter

GRAPH

Conclusions

1. For all the three readings, the R-value is the same and constant.

2. The ratio of potential difference V and current I is the resistance of a resistor.

3. With the help of the graph between V and I, Ohm’s law is verified as the plot is a straight line.

Precautions

1. Thick copper wires should be used as connecting wires and using sandpaper, their insulation should be removed.

2. To avoid external resistance, the connections should be tight.

3. The connections should be as per the circuit diagram and should be approved by the teacher before conducting the experiment.

4. The current should enter from the positive terminal and exit from the negative terminal of the ammeter and it should be connected in series with the resistor.

5. Resistor and voltmeter should be connected in parallel.

6. The least count of ammeter and voltmeter should be recorded properly.

7 When there is no current flow, the pointers of ammeter and voltmeter should be at zero.

8. To avoid unnecessary heating in the circuit, the current should be passed for a short time.

Viva Questions

Q1. Define electric current.

Ans: Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge in a conductor.. 

Where;

I is the current in amperes

Q is the electric charge in coulombs

t is the time in seconds

Q2. What is the value of charge in 1 electron?

Ans: The value of charge in 1 electron is 1.6×10-19C.

Q3. What is coulomb?

Ans: Coulomb is an SI unit of electric charge and is defined as the amount of charge present in 6.25×1018 electrons.

Q4. What is 1 volt?

Ans: If the work done in moving a charge of 1 Coulomb from one point to another is 1 Joule, then the potential difference between those two points is said to be 1 volt.

Q5. What is 1 ohm?

Ans: The resistance of a conductor is said to be 1 ohm if a current of 1 ampere flows through it when a potential difference of 1 volt is applied across its ends.

इन 👇 सभी चित्रों को file में बनाना होता है।

1. Circuit Diagram

2. Observation Table

3. Graph

4. Symbol used in the circuit diagram

5. Ammeter and Voltameter 

CBSE Class 10 Biology Practical Skills

CBSE Class 10 Science  (Biology) Practical Skills – 

Binary Fission in Amoeba and Budding in Yeast

BASIC BUILDING CONCEPTS

Reproduction is the ability of an individual to produce new generation of individuals of same species.

It involves the transmission of genetic material from the parental generation to the next generation, thereby ensuring that characteristics, not only of the species but also the parental organisms, are perpetuated.

Types of Reproduction

Reproduction is of two types – Asexual and Sexual.

Asexual reproduction – 

Production of offspring by a single parent without the involvement of gamete formation is called asexual reproduction. The off springs produced by asexual reproduction are identical to parents. Such identical off springs from a single parent are referred to as clone.

Asexual reproduction is of various types which are listed in the following flow chart.

Sexual reproduction – 

Sexual reproduction involves two parents. Male parent produces male gametes and female parent produces female gametes. Male and female gametes fuse together to form a zygote. Zygote is the first cell of next generation.

AIM

* To study binary fission in Amoeba, and

* Budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Compound microscope, permanent slides of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast.

THEORY

Binary Fission This is a type of asexual reproduction which takes place in Amoeba. In this type of reproduction, parent cell divides into two small, nearly equal sized identical daughter cells. The two daughter cells then grow into adult organism. In binary fission parental identity is lost.

Budding – This is also a type of asexual reproduction which is common in yeast. In this type of reproduction a small bud-like outgrowth develops at the parent cell. This bud enlarges in size. The nucleus also enlarges in size and divides to form two nuclei. Out of these two nuclei, one goes into developing bud. When the bud attains almost the same size as that of parent cell, a separating wall is laid down between the bud and parent cell. This bud may detach from the parent cell or may produce another bud over it.

PROCEDURE

(1) Select the slide of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast.

(2) Set-up a compound microscope. While looking through the eye piece, adjust the mirror and diaphragm so that microscope is illuminated.

(3) Now, place the slide on stage and focus at low power. Observe it.

(4) Without removing the slide, now change the focus to high power. Observe it.

OBSERVATIONS

(a) Binary Fission in Amoeba

* This is a type of asexual reproduction in which two daughter cells (or two individuals) are formed from a single parent.

* Parent cell becomes elongated.

* Nucleus divides first and then the cytoplasm divides.

" At the point of fission, constriction appears and deepens to divide the cell into two daughter cells.

b) Budding in Yeast

" In this type of asexual reproduction, a small protuberance or outgrowth arises from the parent body called bud.

* Nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei, of which one passes into the bud.

* The bud now detaches from the parent body and grows independently as a new individual or may remain attached to parent body, forming chain of cells.

* Parental identity is not lost.

RESULT

The slides show reproduction by binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast.

PRECAUTIONS

Always focus the slide, first at low power and then at high power.

While focussing at high power, do not use coarse adjustment of microscope. Only use fine adjustment.

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           NTERACTIVE SESSION

Question 1.

What is reproduction?

Answer:

Reproduction is the process by which individuals produce offsprings of their own species.

Question 2.

What are the types of reproduction?

Answer:

Reproduction is of two types-

* Sexual reproduction

* Asexual reproduction.

Question 3.

Define sexual reproduction.

Answer:

Sexual reproduction is the production of offsprings by the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote which develops into a mature organism.

Question 4.

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer:

Asexual reproduction is the production of offsprings by a parent without fertilisation and formation of gametes.

Question 5.

Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction.

Answer:

Question 6.

Out of sexual and asexual reproduction, which one leads to more variations among offsprings. Why?

Answer:

Sexual reproduction leads to variations as it involves fusion of gametes and crossing over of chromosomes during gamete formation.

Question 7.

What is binary fission?

Answer:

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which parent cell divides amitotically to form two daughter cells. In cell division, first the nucleus divides and then the cytoplasm.

Question 8.

How is binary fission different from multiple fission?

Answer:

In binary fission, one cell divides to form two daughter cells, whereas in multiple fission, one cell forms several daughter cells.

Question 9. Oo

Why do we classify budding, fission or fragmentation as a type of asexual reproduction?

Answer:

All these are categorised as types of asexual reproduction as they all involve one single parent and no gamete formation takes place.

Question 10.

Give examples of organisms which show the following –

* Binary fission

* Budding.

Answer:

Examples of organisms which reproduce by binary fission are – Amoeba, Paramoecium, Euglena.

Examples of organisms which reproduce by budding are – Yeast, Hydra.

Question 12.

Define budding.

Answer:

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a small outgrowth or protuberance called bud appears. Bud may or may not separate from parent body.

Question 13.

Distinguish between budding in yeast and budding in Hydra.

Answer:

Yeast is a unicellular fungi. The bud formed is unicellular and may remain attached to parent cell, whereas bud in Hydra is multicellular and appears as branch. This branch separates from parent body and grows as separate individual.

Question 14.

Name the most common method of reproduction in yeast.

Answer:

Budding.

Question 15.

Name the type of cell divisions involved in asexual reproduction.

Answer:

Amitosis and mitosis.

Question 16.

What is vegetative propagation?

Answer:

It is a method of asexual reproduction in which a vegetative part of plant is used to produce new individual.

Question 17.

Give one term for the division of nucleus.

Answer:

Karyokinesis.

Question 18.

Offsprings formed by asexual reproduction are called clones. What are clones?

Answer:

All individuals which are morphologically and genetically similar to each other and are derived from a single parent are called clone.

Question 19.

What are spores?

Answer:

A spore is a small unit involved in asexual reproduction. These are microscopic, unicellular structures which contain small amount of cytoplasm and nucleus.

Question 20.

Amoeba is immortal. Comment.

Answer:

Amoeba divides into two by binary fission, each grows to live and no dead body is left.

Question 21.

Which organisms have better survival value-asexually or sexually reproducing?

Answer:

Sexually reproducing organisms have better survival value as they show more variations.

Question 22.

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer:

Advantages include

* Offsprings are identical to the parents.

"Rapid multiplication of organisms.

*Vegetative propagation is the only method of reproduction for plants which does not produce viable seeds.

LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.

Which type of cell division is involved in binary fission?

Answer:

Mitosis

Question 2.

How many daughter cells are formed in binary fission?

Answer:

Two

Question 3.

Why are binary fission and budding included under asexual reproduction?

Answer:

* Only one parent is involved.

* Offsprings are genetically identical.

Question 4.

Are binary fission and budding faster process of reproduction when compared to sexual reproduction. Justify.

Answer:

Yes, as by simple cell division, daughter cells are formed. In sexual reproduction, formation and fertilisation of gametes are involved

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions  (1 Mark)

Question 1.

The figures given above are drawn from slides showing reproduction in yeast and Amoeba. The correct description of the above is 

(a) Amoeba undergoing binary fission is at a ; stage when nucleus is elongating, while yeast is undergone budding.

(b) Yeast is undergoing binary fission and ;

daughter nuclei have already formed, while a j newly formed daughter Amoeba is undergoing growth.

(c) The nucleus of a parent Amoeba is undergoing ; division to pass into its bud while yeast has j already divided into two daughter cells.

(d) Amoeba is undergoing cytokinesis and Yeast is undergoing budding.

Question 2.

After observing slides showing stages of j reproduction in Amoeba and yeast, students j reported the following observations.

(i) Cytokinesis was seen in the yeast cell.

(ii) A chain of buds was seen due to reproduction in Amoeba.

(iii) In Amoeba, elongated nucleus was dividing to form two daughter nuclei.

(iv) Single cells of Amoeba and yeast were undergoing binary fission and budding respectively.

The correct observations are

(a) (i) and (ii) only

(b) (ii) only

(c) (iii) and (iv) only

(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) only

Question 3.

A chain of yeast cells are formed because 

(a) yeast cells do not separate after budding

(b) daughter cells are unable to survive without parent cells

(c) buds reproduce as soon as they are formed

(d) daughter cells stick together with the help of mucus

Question 4.

Out of the following diagrams which one depicts a stage in binary fission of Amoeba?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

Question 5.

The following figures illustrate binary fission in Amoeba in an incorrect sequence.

The correct sequence is :

(a) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)

(b) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i)

(c) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)

(d) (iii),(iv),(ii),(i)

Question 6.

Four stages of binary fission in Amoeba are shown below. The stage at which nuclear fission and cytokinesis both are observed is, the stage.

(a) I

(b) II

(c) III

(d) IV

Question 7.

Out of the given diagrams, the correctly labelled diagram showing budding in yeast is 

(a) I

(b) II

(c) III

(d) IV

Question 8.

Name the type of asexual reproduction in which parental identity is maintained.

(a) Multiple fission

(b) Binary fission

(c) Budding

(d) All of these

Question 9.

During binary fission in Amoeba, which of the following occurs first?

(a) Cytokinesis

(b) Karyokinesis

(c) Both (a) and (b), simultaneously

(d) None of these

Question 10.

In the slides showing binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast, the correct observations are [Delhi 2007C]

(a) the daughter cells of Amoeba and the bud of yeast are smaller than their respective parental cells.

(b) the daughter cells of Amoeba and the bud of yeast are of the same size as their respective parental cells.

(c) the daughter cells of Amoeba are bigger than the parent but bud of yeast is smaller than the parent.

(d) the daughter cells of Amoeba are smaller than the parent but bud of yeast is larger than parent.

Question 11.

A student observed a slide of yeast under a microscope and saw collection of cells in different parts of the slide marked A, B, C and D as shown below. Which one of the following parts of the slide shows budding in yeast? 

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

Question 12.

Mention sequence of budding

Correct sequence is

(a) A, B, C, D

(b) A, D, B, C

(c) C, A, B, D

(d) D, A, B, C

Question 13.

What do F and E represent in the given diagram?

(a) Parent yeast cells

(b) Daughter Amoebae

(c) Yeast buds

(d) Parent Amoebae

Question 14.

Which of the following is not a feature of asexual reproduction?

(a) Two individuals of different sexes involved.

(b) No meiosis occurs.

(c) New individuals are genetically identical to the parents. .

(d) Offsprings are clones of parents.

Question 15.

From the following diagrams, select the correct ones showing stages of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast in their proper sequence

a) 5, 1, 4 and 2, 3, 6

(b) 3, 4, 7 and 2, 8, 6

(c) 7, 4, 1 and 3, 8, 6

(d) 8, 7, 4 and 3, 2, 6.

ANSWER KEY (MCQ)

1.(a)

2.(c)

3.(a)

4.(d)

5.(b)

6.(b)

7.(b)

8.(c)

9.(b)

10.(a)

11.(b)

12.(a)

13.(b)

14.(a)

15.(c)

आज से 1600 साल पहले

आज से 1600 साल पहले पूरी दुनिया से स्टूडेंट्स भारत आते थे ताकि वे नालंदा और तक्षशिला जैसे विश्वविद्यालयों में शिक्षा ग्रहण कर सकें। आर्यभट्ट, जगदीश चंद्र बोस, सीवी रमन, होमी भाभा...ये भारत के वो नगीने हैं जिन्होंने भारत का नाम इतिहास में स्वर्ण अक्षरों में लिख दिया है।

मैं अपने जीवन में जब पहली बार विदेश गया तो अमेरिका गया, वहां मुझे सस्ते इक्विपमेंट, फंडिंग और अमेरिका को देखने का मौका मिला।

उनकी स्पीड, उद्यमशीलता, बड़ी सोच मेरे लिए आंखें खोल देने वाली थी। वैसा अनुभव मुझे अपने देश में नहीं हुआ। मैंने पाया कि उनके एजुकेशन सिस्टम के कारण वहां ये अंतर आया। अमेरिका में 40 बड़े विश्वविद्यालय हैं जहां शिक्षा के अलावा, रिसर्च और डेवलपमेंट को प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है, जिससे छात्रों को वे टॉपिक्स स्टडी करने की अनुमति मिलती है जो उनके दिल के करीब हैं। पॉलिसी मेकर्स के साथ उन इंस्टीट्यूट्स के कनेक्शन ने अमेरिका को वह बना दिया है जो वो आज है।

बात गौर करने वाली है कि एकेडमिक ईयर 2022-2023 में, लगभग 10 लाख भारतीय स्टूडेंट्स दुनिया भर की यूनिवर्सिटीज़ में डिग्री के लिए पढ़ाई कर रहे थे। मुझे आश्चर्य होता था कि इतनी बड़ी संख्या में स्टूडेंट्स हायर स्टडी के लिए भारत से बाहर क्यों जाते हैं! इसके लिए होने वाला खर्च कोई कम भी नहीं है। औसतन, विदेश में पढ़ने वाला एक इंडियन स्टूडेंट अकेले ट्यूशन फीस पर प्रति वर्ष 20 से 50 लाख रुपए के बीच खर्च करता है, जो इंस्टीट्यूट और कोर्स पर डिपेंड करता है। एक स्टडी के मुताबिक वर्ष 2024 में फॉरेन इंस्टीट्यूट्स में पढ़ने वाले इंडियन स्टूडेंट द्वारा प्रति वर्ष होने वाला खर्च 80 अरब डॉलर तक पहुंचने की उम्मीद है।

प्राचीन काल से ही भारत ने हमेशा विश्व गुरु का रोल निभाया है। यहीं से सबसे पहले शास्त्र और उनसे जुड़ा ज्ञान आया। मुझे ये बहुत दुखद लगता है कि भारत के बच्चों को ज्ञान लेने के लिए बाहर जाना पड़ रहा है। 

मेरे दादाजी मेरे लिए गुरु समान थे। आज मैं जो कुछ भी हूं उनकी सीख के कारण ही हूं। वो कहा करते थे: "बेटा हरदम समाज की, देश की, लोगों की सेवा को ही ध्यान में रखना। अगर पैसा होगा तो पैसे से सेवा करना। नहीं तो अपने हाथों से किसी की मदद करना।" हार्वर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी की वॉटर फ्रंटेज लोकेशन मुझे बहुत पसंद है और मैंने ये संकल्प लिया कि अगर मैं आर्थिक रूप से सक्षम होता हूं तो ऐसा कुछ बनाऊं जो आने वाली पीढ़ियों के लिए एक तीर्थ बन जाए।

जब मैं ओडिशा के एक प्रोजेक्ट पर काम कर रहा था, तभी मैंने वहां एक वर्ल्ड क्लास यूनिवर्सिटी और एजुकेशन सिटी बनाने का तय कर लिया था। पुरी और कोणार्क मंदिर के बीच मुझे वो जगह नजर आई जो एक एतिहासिक स्थान भी है और वाटर फ्रंट भी। जब मैंने लोकेशन विजिट की तो मुझे बहुत सुंदर और स्पिरिचुअल फीलिंग हुई। एक तरफ जगन्नाथ मंदिर था और दूसरी तरफ कोणार्क मंदिर था। मैं जानता था कि यही वो जगह है जहां विद्या की देवी को विराजमान करना है।

शुरुआत में वहां एक लाख छात्र होंगे और मेरी इच्छा कम से कम 5 लाख लोगों के लिए एक शहर बनाने की है। युनिवर्सिटी में सारे प्रचलित कोर्सेज होंगे लेकिन लिबरल आर्टस, मेडिसिन और एंटरप्रेन्योरशिप पर फोकस किया जाएगा। हम इस बात पर सहमत हैं कि इसका लाभ ज़रूरतमंद और टैलेंटेड बच्चों को मिलना चाहिए। तीस पर्सेंट एडमिशन कम फीस या बिना फीस के मिलने चाहिए। हमने जो लोकेशन सिलेक्ट की, वो एयरपोर्ट से 40 मिनट की दूरी पर थी। सरकार मुफ्त जमीन देने पर विचार कर रही थी, लेकिन हमने फैसला किया कि हम जमीन को मार्केट वैल्यू पर खरीदेंगेI इस तरह कोई भी वंचित नहीं रहेगा, क्योंकि हमें इस नेक काम के लिए सभी लोगों के आशीर्वाद की जरूरत है।

मेरा सपना था कि उस यूनिवर्सिटी में वर्ल्ड फुटबॉल लीग खेली जाए और एक वर्ल्ड क्लास स्टेडियम हो, सभी फैकल्टी के लिए हाउसिंग कॉलोनी बनाई जाए। रिसर्च पर फोकस हो ताकि हम ग्लोबल लेवल पर आगे आ सकें।  

अमेरिका और बाकी देशों में लगभग 16% इंडियन फैकल्टी मेंबर्स हैं। उनसे बात करने पर पता चला कि उनमें से काफी लोग भारत वापस आ कर इस मिशन के साथ जुड़ना चाहते हैं। हमने इसे बनाने में मदद करने के लिए एमरी यूनिवर्सिटी के प्रेसिडेंट विलियम चेज़ को चेयरमैन अप्वाइंट किया था और इस सपने को साकार करने और आगे बढ़ाने के लिए एक सक्षम टीम जुटाई। 

मैंने इस विश्वविद्यालय के निर्माण के लिए तुरंत 1 बिलियन डॉलर (8000 करोड़ रुपए) देने का संकल्प किया है और अतिरिक्त 2 बिलियन डॉलर की व्यवस्था करने का वादा किया है। 

इस यूनिवर्सिटी का ब्लूप्रिंट मैं बार बार अपने दिमाग में बनाता रहता हूं। सोचता रहता हूं और क्या करना चाहिए हमें जो हमारे यूथ को एक नई दिशा में ले जाए। ख्याल आया कि इस यूनिवर्सिटी में एक एग्जिबिशन सेंटर भी होना चाहिए। जहां बारह महीनों में कोई न कोई मेला या एग्जिबिशन चलता रहे। भारत हेवी मशीनरी, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स, रिन्यूएबल, ऑटोमोबाइल, रियल एस्टेट, टेक्सटाइल और फर्नीचर के क्षेत्र में एक बहुत बड़ा बाजार है। इससे हमारे बच्चों को इन इवेंट्स में पार्ट टाइम जॉब्स मिलेंगे और इंफ्रा स्ट्रक्चर डेवलप होगा- कई होटल, रेजिडेंशियल कॉलोनी और रियल एस्टेट विकसित होंगे। मैं उत्साहित था क्योंकि यहां एक वॉटर फ्रंट होने के कारण हम कई वॉटर स्पोर्ट्स आयोजित कर सकेंगे। 

ओडिशा गवर्नमेंट ने इस बारे में बिल को असेंबली में पास कर दिया। हमें सरकार से कोई आर्थिक मदद नहीं चाहिए। हम सिर्फ साथ और सहयोग की अपेक्षा रखते हैं।

अमेरिका के आगे बढ़ाने में उसके यूनिवर्सिटीज का रोल था जो उनके थिंक टैंक- सूत्रधार थे। भारत का यूथ बहुत टैलेंटेड है, ज़रूरत है तो सिर्फ उनको सही प्लेटफॉर्म की। अधिकांश स्टूडेंट्स विदेश नही जा सकते, या फिर लोन ले कर पढ़ाई करते हैं। दुनिया नहीं चाहती कि भारत एक एजूकेशन हब बने। बहुत सारे एनजीओ इसमें कूद पड़े और सुप्रीम कोर्ट में मामला दायर किया। इस प्रयास में सात साल बीत गए हैं। न्यायालय को अर्जेंसी के सेंस को समझना होगा और मामले में स्पष्टता लानी होगी।

हमने डिजिटल यूनिवर्सिटी का भी इरादा बनाया, जिसे दूर रहने वाले छात्र तक भी पहुंचा जा सके। हमारा उद्देश्य शिक्षा का व्यापार करके पैसा कमाना नहीं है, हम सिर्फ शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में एक नई क्रांति लाना चाहते हैं। आप अमेरिका में देखिए, उनके पास 40 बड़ी यूनिवर्सिटी हैं जिनमें से एक भी गवर्नमेंट फंडेड नहीं है। हम एक ऐसी शुरुआत करना चाहते हैं जो देश के और एंटरप्रेन्योर्स को प्रेरित करे, आगे के न्यू एज एजुकेशनल इंस्टीट्यूट बनाने के लिए। "पढ़ेगा इंडिया तभी तो बढ़ेगा इंडिया!"

भारत को दुनिया को दिखाना है कि विश्वगुरु हम हैं। जो हम कर सकते हैं वो कोई नहीं कर सकता। हमारे उद्यमी सिर्फ बिजनेस नहीं करते, अपने देश की मिट्टी से सोना निकालते हैं। मैं अपने जीवनकाल में इस यूनिवर्सिटी के कैंपस में बैठ कर अपने आस-पास लाखों स्टूडेंट्स के चहकते, मुस्कुराते चेहरों में अपने देश के भविष्य को सूरज सा चमकता देखना चाहता हूं। 

क्या आप मेरे साथ हैं?

छठ के अवसर पर 15 जोड़ी और स्पेशल ट्रेनों का परिचालन

छठ के अवसर पर 15 जोड़ी और स्पेशल ट्रेनों का परिचालन

कोलकाता, हैदराबाद एवं दुर्ग से पटना, पुणे एवं उधना से दानापुर, योगनगरी ऋषिकेष से मुजफ्फरपुर, हावड़ा एवं सिकंदराबाद से रक्सौल, रांची से जयनगर, शालीमार से सीतामढ़ी, न्यू तिनसुकिया से मधुबनी एवं टाटा से छपरा के स्पेशल ट्रेनें

हाजीपुर: दीपावली एवं छठ के दौरान यात्रियों की अतिरिक्त भीड़ के मदेनजर उनकी सुविधा हेतु रेलवे द्वारा कई स्पेशल ट्रेनों का परिचालन किया जा रहा है। इसी क्रम 10 और स्पेशल ट्रेनों का परिचालन किया जा रहा है जिनका विवरण निम्नानुसार है 

1. गाड़ी सं. 03133/03134 कोलकाता-पटना- कोलकाता छठ स्पेशल (जी- 5. गाड़ी स. 01449/01450 पुणे-दानापुर पुणे सुपरफास्ट फिडल के रास्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 03133 कोलकाता-पटना-कोलकाता स्पेशल 14.11.2023 एवं 16.11.2023 को कोलकाता से 23.55 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 10.30 बजे पटना पहुंचेगी। वापसी में 03134 पटना-कोलकाता स्पेशल 15.11.2023 एवं 17.11.2023 को पटना से 14.30 बजे खुलकर देर रात्रि 100.25 बजे कोलकाता पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में शयनयान श्रेणी के 13 एवं साधारण श्रेणी के 05 कोच होंगे।

2. गाड़ी से 08793/08794 दुर्ग- पटना-दुर्ग छठ स्पेशल रायपुर-बिलासपुर राउरकेलाहोरी-गोमो- गया के रास्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 08793 दुर्ग- पटना छठ स्पेशल 15.11.2023 को दुर्ग से 14.45 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 09.30 बजे पटना पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी से 08794 पटना-दुर्ग छ स्पेशल 16.11.2023 को पटना से 10.30 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 08.20 बजे दुर्ग पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में वातानुकूलित श्रेणी के 07 कोच शयनयान श्रेणी के 09 एवं साधारण श्रेणी के 04 कोच होंगे।

3. गाड़ी सं. 07003/07004 हैदराबाद- पटना-हैदराबाद छ स्पेशल (सिकंदराबाद बल्लारशाह गोंदिया- जबलपुर राज छिवकी डीडीयू के रास्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 07003 हैदराबाद-पटना छठ स्पेशल 13, 18 एवं 20.11.2023 को हैदराबाद से 12.00 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 17:15 बजे पटना पहुंचेगी। यात्री में गाड़ी सं. 07004 पटना- हैदराबाद छठ स्पेशल 15, 20 एवं 22.11.2023 को पटना से 03.35 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 10.00 बजे हैदराबाद पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में द्वितीय वातानुकूलित श्रेणी के 02 कोच, तृतीय वातानुकूलित इकॉनोमी श्रेणी के 10. कोच, शयनयान श्रेणी के 02 एवं साधारण श्रेणी के 02 कोच होंगे। 

4. गाड़ी सं. 01105/01106 पुणे-दानापुर- पुणे

सुपरफास्ट स्पेशल (भूल-इटारसी जबलपुर- पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय के रास्ते )- गाड़ी संख्या 01105 पुणे दानापुर सुपरफास्ट स्पेशल ट्रेन

पुणे से 13.11.2023 एवं 16.11.2023 को 06.30 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 11.40 बजे दानापुर पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी संख्या 01106 दानापुर पुणे सुपरफास्ट स्पेशल ट्रेन दानापुर से 14.11.2023 एवं 17.11.2023 को 13.30 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 19.45 बजे पुणे पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में वातानुकूलित तृतीय इकॉनोमी श्रेणी के 12 कोच एवं शयनयान श्रेणी के 06 कोच होंगे। स्पेशल (भुसावल इटारसी जबलपुर प्रयाग की दीनदयाल उपाध्याय के रास्ते) 

5. गाड़ी संख्या 01449 पुणे-दानापुर सुपरफास्ट स्पेशल ट्रेन पुणे से 18:11.2023 एवं 25.11.2023 को 06.35 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 11.40 बजे दानापुर पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी संख्या 01450 दानापुर पुणे सुपरफास्ट स्पेशल ट्रेन दानापुर से 19.11.2023 एवं 26.11.2023 को 13:30 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 19.40 बजे पुणे पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में साधारण को श्रेणी के 10 एवं चेयरकार के 04 कोच होंगे।

6. गाड़ी सं. 09187/09/188 उपना-दानापुर-उधना कोच होंगे। अनारक्षित स्पेशल (भुसावल- इटारसी जबलपुर- प्रयागराज की पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय ज. के रास्ते गाड़ी संख्या 09187 उधना-दानापुर अनारक्षित स्पेशल: उधना से 11.11.2023 को 18.00 बजे खुलकर 13.011.2023 को 00.30 बजे दानापुर पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी संख्या 09185 दानापुर-उधना अनारक्षित स्पेशल दानापुर से 13.11.2023 को 04.45 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 11.30 बजे उचना पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में साधारण श्रेणी के 20 कोन हैं।

7. गाड़ी सं. 04324/04323 योगनगरी ऋषिकेष मुजफ्फरपुर- योगनगरी सपिकेष फेस्टिवल स्पेशल ( हरिद्वार-मुरादाबाद बरेली लखनऊ-गोरखपुर-हाजीपुर के रास्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 04324 योगनगरी ऋषिकेष मुजफ्फरपुर फेस्टिवल स्पेशल ट्रेन योगनगरी ऋषिकेष से 11.11.2023 एवं 14.11.2023 को 13.00 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 10.30 बजे मुजफ्फरपुर पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी संख्या 04323 मुजफ्फरपुर- योगनगरी ऋषिकेष फेस्टिवल स्पेशल ट्रेन मुजफ्फरपुर से 12.11.2023 एवं 15.11.2023 को 13.00 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 11.30 जे योगनगरी ऋषिकेष पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में शयनयान श्रेणी के 03 एवं साधारण श्रेणी के 15 कोच होंगे।

8. गाड़ी [सं.] [03045103046 हावड़ा-रक्सौल-हावड़ा स्पेशल (बरौनी- समस्तीपुर-दरभंगा-सीतामढ़ी के रास्ते गाड़ी संख्या 03045 हावड़ा-रक्सौल-हावड़ा हट स्पेशल 13 एवं 16.11.2023 को हवा से 23.00 बजे

खुलकर अगले दिन 14.15 बजे रक्सील पहुंचेगी। वापसी में 03046 रक्सौल पड़ा स्पेशल 14 एवं 17.11.2023 को रक्सैल से 16.55 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 08.50 बजे कोलकाता पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में शयनयान श्रेणी के 11 एवं साधारण श्रेणी के 05 कोच होंगे

9.07001/07002 सिकंदराबाद- सिकंदराबाद जनसाधरण स्पेशल (नांदेड-पुण- अकोला- इटारसी जबलपुर डीडीयू-पाटलीपुत्र हाजीपुर- 03 मुजफ्फरपुर के रास्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 07001 सिकदराबाद होंगे। रक्सी छठ स्पेशल 12.11.2023 एवं 19.11.2023 को सिकंदराबाद से 10.30 बजे खुलकर तीसरे दिन 06.00 बजे राल पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी सं. 07002 - सिकंदराबाद छठ स्पेशल 14.11.2023 एवं 21.11.2023 रक्सौल से 19.15 बजे खुलकर तीसरे दिन 14.30 बजे सिंकदराबाद पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में साधारण श्रेणी के 22

10. गाड़ी [सं.] [08105/08106 रांची-जयनगर रांची स्पेशल (बोकारो-धनबाद जसा परौनी में समस्तीपुर-दरभंगा मधुबनी के रास्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 08105 रांची-जयनगर छठ स्पेशल 11 एवं 18.11.2023 03 कोच होंगे। को रांची से 23.55 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 15.30 बजे जयनगर पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी से 08106 जयनगर रांची छठ स्पेशल 12 एवं 19.11.2023 को जयनगर से 17.00 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 09.00 बजे रांची पहुंचेगी। दूसरा स्पेशल में तृतीय वातानुकूलित श्रेणी का 01, 

शयनयान श्रेणी के 11 एवं साधारण श्रेणी के 10 कोच होंगे।

11. गाड़ी सं. 05974105973 न्यूतिनसुकिया मधुबनी न्यूतिनसुकिया फेस्टिवल स्पेशल (कामाख्या- किशनगंज कटिहार-बरौनी समस्तीपुर दरभंगा के सस्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 05974 न्यूतिनसुकिया मधुवनी फेस्टिवल स्पेशल 14, 21 एवं 28.11.2023 को न्यू तिनसुकिया से 05.00 कोच होंगे। बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 07.40 बजे मधुवनी पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी सं. 05973 मधुवनी व्यूतिनसुकिया फेस्टिवल स्पेशल 15, 22 एवं 29.11.2023 को मधुवनी से 12.40 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 21.00 बजे न्यू तिनसुकिया पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में द्वितीय वातानुकूलित श्रेणी का 01, तृतीय वातानुकूलित श्रेणी का 04 शयनयान श्रेणी के 11 एवं साधारण श्रेणी के 02 कोच होंगे।

12. गाड़ी सं. 08183/08154 शालीमार-सीतामढ़ी- शालीमार छठ स्पेशल (आसनसोल-झाझा-उल- बरौनी- समस्तीपुर-दरभंगा के रास्ते गाड़ी संख्या 08183

शालीमार-सीतामढ़ी छठ स्पेशल 12.11.2023 एवं 19.11.2013 को शालीमार से 21.55 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 10.00 बजे सीतामढ़ी पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी सं 08184 सीतामढ़ी शालीमार स्पेशल 13.11.2023 एवं 20.11.2023 को सीतामढ़ी से 11.00 बजे खुलकर उसी दिन 23.45 बजे शालीमार पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में द्वितीय वातानुकूलित श्रेणी के 01, तृतीय वातानुकूलित श्रेणी का . शयनयान श्रेणी के 12 एवं साधारण श्रेणी के 03 कोच

13. गाड़ी सं. 0818108182 टाटा-छपरा-टाटा छ स्पेशल (आसनसोल-जससह झाझा-बनी- शाहपुर पटोरी- हाजीपुर के रास्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 08181 टाटा-छपरा छठ स्पेशल 15.11.2023 एवं 22.11.2023 को टाटा से 13.20 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 03.00 बजे छपरा पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी से 08182 छपरा-टाटा हठ स्पेशल 16.11.2023 एवं 23.11.2023 को छपरा से 06:00 बजे खुलकर उसी दिन 20.45 बजे टाटा पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल द्वितीय वातानुकूलित श्रेणी के 02 तृतीय यातानुकूलित श्रेणी का 03, शयनयान श्रेणी के 12 एवं साधारण श्रेणी 2

14. गाड़ी [सं.] [04534/04533 सरहिंद-सहरसा- अम्बाला कैट फेस्टिवल अनारक्षित स्पेशल (अम्बाला-मुरादाबाद- बरेली गोरखपुर-हाजीपुर-मुजफ्फरपुर- समस्तीपुर-बरौनी के रास्ते) गाड़ी संख्या 04534 सरहिंद-सहरसा फेस्टिवल अनारक्षित स्पेशल 13, 16 एवं 19.11.2023 को सहिद से 20.20 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 23.45 बजे सहरया पहुंचेगी। 

वापसी में गाड़ी सं. 04533 सहरसा-अभ्या कैट फेस्टिवल अनारक्षित स्पेशल 12, 15, 18 एवं 21.11.2023 को सहरसा से 03.00 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 05.00 बजे अम्बाला कैंट पहुंचेगी। इस स्पेशल में साधारण श्रेणी के 14

15. गाड़ी सं. 04536/04535 चंडीगढ़-कटिहार- चंडीगढ़ फेस्टिवल अनारक्षित स्पेशल (अम्बाला- मुरादाबाद बरेली लखनऊ-वाराणसी-डीडीयू-पाटलीपुत्र- हाजीपुर-बरौनी के रास्ते गाड़ी संख्या 04536 चंडीगढ़- कटिहार फेस्टिवल अनारक्षित स्पेशल 13, 16 एवं 19.11.2023 को चंडीगढ़ से 23.55 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 05.00 बजे कटिहार पहुंचेगी। वापसी में गाड़ी सं. 04535] कटिहार- चंडीगढ़ फेस्टिवल अनारक्षित स्पेशल 12, 15, 18 एवं 21.11.2023 को कटिहार से 07.00 बजे खुलकर अगले दिन 12.30 बजे चंडीगढ़ पहुंचेगी।

Rashtriya Ekta Divas celebrations, Kevadia

Prime Minister's Office azadi ka amrit mahotsav English rendering of PM’s address at the Rashtriya Ekta Divas celebrations, Kevadia

Posted On: 31 OCT 2023 12:53PM by PIB Delhi Bharat Mata Ki Jai! Bharat Mata Ki Jai! Bharat Mata Ki Jai! This enthusiasm of all the youngsters and the bravehearts like you is a great strength of Rashtriya Ekta Divas (National Unity Day). In a way, I can see a mini India in front of me. There are different states, different languages and different traditions, but every person present here is connected by a robust thread of unity. There are countless beads, but the garland is one. There are countless bodies, but one mind. Just as 15th August is the day of celebration of our Independence and 26th January is the day of celebration of our Republic Day, similarly, 31st October has become a festival of propagating nationalism in every corner of the country. The event held at the Red Fort of Delhi on 15th August, the parade on the Kartavya Path of Delhi on 26th January, and the events of the National Unity Day on the banks of Mother Narmada at the Statue of Unity on 31st October, have become the trinity of national ascension. The parade and the programmes held here today have overwhelmed everyone. Visitors to Ekta Nagar not only get to see this grand statue, but also get a glimpse of Sardar Saheb's life, his sacrifice and his contribution in building united Bharat. The story of the construction of this statue itself is a reflection of the spirit of 'Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat'. For its construction, farmers from every corner of the country donated farming tools and iron for the statue of the Iron Man. The Wall of Unity was built here by getting soil from every corner of the country. What a great inspiration this is! Filled with the same inspiration, crores of countrymen have become a part of this event. Lakhs of people are participating in 'Run for Unity' across the country. And lakhs of people are becoming a part of the run through various cultural programmes. When we see this flow of unity in the country, when we see this spirit of unity among 140 crore Indians, it seems as if the ideals of Sardar Saheb are within us in the form of the resolve of 'Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat'. On this auspicious occasion, I bow down at the feet of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. I extend my best wishes to all the countrymen on Rashtriya Ekta Divas. My family members, The coming 25 years are the most important 25 years of this century for Bharat. In these 25 years, we have to make our Bharat prosperous and developed. In the last century, before independence, there was a period of 25 years in which every fellow citizen had dedicated his or her life for an independent Bharat. Now to achieve the goal of a prosperous Bharat, the next 25 years of 'Amrit Kaal' have come before us as an opportunity. We have to achieve every goal by taking inspiration from Sardar Patel. Today the whole world is watching Bharat. Today, Bharat is at a new peak of achievements. The world was surprised to see Bharat's potential in G20. We are proud that we are taking the credibility of the world's largest democracy to new heights. We are proud that our borders remain secure amid multiple global crises. We are proud that in the next few years we are going to become the third largest economic power in the world. We are proud that today Bharat has reached that spot on the moon where no other country in the world has been able to reach. We are proud that today Bharat is manufacturing Tejas fighter planes and INS Vikrant indigenously. We are proud that today our professionals are running and leading the billion-trillion-dollar companies around the world. We are proud that today the glory of the tricolour is continuously getting enhanced in major sports events of the world. We are proud that the youth, sons and daughters of the country are winning medals in record numbers. Friends, In this period of 'Amrit Kaal', Bharat has resolved to move forward by shaking off the slave mentality. We are developing the nation and preserving our heritage at the same time. Bharat has removed the symbol of colonialism from its naval flag. Unnecessary laws made during the era of colonial rule are also being repealed. IPC is also being replaced by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. There was a statue of a representative of a foreign power at India Gate once; but now the statue of Netaji Subhas is inspiring us at that place. Friends, Today there is no such goal which Bharat cannot achieve. There is no resolution which we Indians cannot achieve together. In the last nine years, the country has seen that when everyone makes efforts, nothing is impossible. Who would have thought that Kashmir could ever be free from Article 370? But today the wall of Article 370 between Kashmir and the country has fallen. Wherever Sardar Saheb is, he would be feeling extremely happy and would be blessing us all. Today my brothers and sisters of Kashmir are coming out of the shadow of terrorism, breathing in the air of freedom, and are walking together in the development of the country. The Sardar Sarovar Dam here on this side was also in a limbo for 5-6 decades. With everyone's efforts, the work on this dam has also been completed in the last few years. Friends, Ekta Nagar is also a great example of 'Sankalp se Siddhi' or accomplishment through determination. 10-15 years ago, no one had even thought that Kevadia would change so much. Today Ekta Nagar is being recognized as a Global Green City. This is the city from where 'Mission LiFE', which attracted the attention of countries around the world, was started. Whenever I come here, its attraction seems to increase further. River Rafting, Ekta Cruise, Ekta Nursery, Ekta Mall, Arogya Van, Cactus and Butterfly Garden, Jungle Safari, Miyawaki Forest, Maze Garden are attracting a lot of tourists here. In the last 6 months alone, more than 1.5 lakh trees have been planted here. Ekta Nagar is also leading in solar power generation and city gas distribution. Today a special heritage train is also going to be added here which will prove to be a new tourist attraction. This train running between Ekta Nagar station and Ahmedabad has a glimpse of our heritage and modern facilities. Its engine has been given the look of a steam engine, but it will run on electricity. Arrangements for eco-friendly transport have also been made in Ekta Nagar. Now tourists here will also get the facility of a public bike sharing system along with e-bus, e-golf cart and e-cycle. More than 1.5 crore tourists have come here in the last 5 years and this number is continuously rising. Our tribal brothers and sisters here are getting a huge benefit from the same. They are also getting new sources of income. Friends, Today the whole world is watching with immense respect and trust the strength of Bharat's resolve, the bravery and strength of the Indians and our willingness to live life to the fullest. Bharat's incredible and unparalleled journey has today become a source of inspiration for everyone. But my dear countrymen, We should never forget certain things; we should always remember them. Today, on Rashtriya Ekta Divas, I would like to express my feelings to every countryman in this regard. Today, there is turmoil in the whole world. After Corona pandemic, the economies of many countries have collapsed. It is in a very bad shape. Many countries are today facing the highest ever inflation in 30-40 years. Unemployment is continuously increasing in those countries. Even under such circumstances, Bharat is waving its flag in the world. We are continuously moving forward, overcoming challenges one after another. We have created new records; we have also created new standards. Today, the impact of the policies and decisions with which the country has moved forward in the last 9 years is being felt in every sphere of life. Poverty is decreasing in Bharat. More than 13.5 crore people have come out of poverty in 5 years. We have got the confidence that we can eliminate poverty from the country. And we have to continue moving forward in this direction. And hence this period is very crucial for every Indian. No one should do anything that could harm the stability of the country. If we deviate from our steps, we will also deviate from our goal. The hard work with which 140 crore Indians have brought the country to the path of development should never go in vain. We have to keep the future in mind, and stick to our resolutions. My countrymen, Being the first Home Minister of the country, Sardar Patel was very strict regarding the internal security of the country. He was an iron man. For the last 9 years, the internal security of the country has been challenged from many fronts. But due to the hard work of our armed forces, day and night, the enemies of the country are not able to succeed in their plans unlike before. People have still not forgotten that period when the people were scared of going to crowded places. There was a conspiracy to stop the development of the country by targeting the festive crowds, markets, public places and all the centres of economic activities. People have seen the devastation after the blasts, the devastation caused by bomb blasts. After that, the laxity of the governments of that time in the name of investigation has also been seen. You must not allow the country to return to that era; you must stop it with all your might. We all countrymen have to know, recognize, understand and also be cautious about those who are attacking the unity of the country. Friends, The greatest obstacle in the way of national unity, in our development journey, is the politics of appeasement. The past several decades in Bharat are a witness to the fact that appeasers never see terrorism, its horrors and its monstrosity. Appeasers are not hesitant to stand with the enemies of humanity. They neglect investigating terrorist activities and avoid taking strict action against anti-national elements. This policy of appeasement is so dangerous that these people even reach the court to save the terrorists. Such mindset cannot benefit any society. It can never benefit any country. Every countryman has to be cautious at every moment, at all times, in every corner of the country, from such thinking which endangers unity. My dear countrymen, Right now there is an atmosphere of elections in the country. The election process is going on in some states and the Lok Sabha elections are also going to be held next year. You must have noticed that there is a very large political faction in the country which does not see any means of using politics in any positive way. Unfortunately, this political faction is adopting such tactics which are against the society and country. It doesn't bother this faction even if they have to break the unity of the country for their own selfishness, because for them their self-interest is paramount. Therefore, amidst these challenges, you my countrymen, the public, your role has become very important. These people want to serve their political interests by hurting the unity of the country. If the country is aware about these things, only then will it be able to achieve its development goals. To achieve the goal of a developed Bharat, we cannot leave even a single opportunity to maintain the unity of the country with our efforts; we cannot lag behind by even a single step. We have to continuously live with the mantra of unity. We have to continuously make our contribution to maintain this unity. Whatever field we are in, we have to give our 100 percent. This is the only best way to give a better future to the coming generations. And this is what Sardar Saheb expects from all of us. Friends, A national competition related to Sardar Saheb is also starting from today on MyGov. Through Sardar Sahab Quiz, the youth of the country will get a better opportunity to know him. My family members, Today's Bharat is the new Bharat. Every Indian today is full of immense confidence. We have to ensure that this confidence persists and the country also continues to grow. May this spirit remain within us. May this grandeur continue to remain! With this, I once again pay my humble tribute to respected Sardar Patel on behalf of 140 crore countrymen. Let us all celebrate this national festival of unity with a lot of enthusiasm. Make it a habit to live by the mantra of unity in life; keep dedicating every moment of your life to unity. With this wish, once again many congratulations to all of you! Bharat Mata Ki Jai! Bharat Mata Ki Jai! Bharat Mata Ki Jai! Thank you very much. *********

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